Paseo
de la Reforma is one of the most important avenues of Mexico City and throughout
Mexico. Its
origin dates back to the Second Mexican Empire, when Emperor Maximilian ordered
to draw a residence avenue to connect Chapultepec Castle to the National Palace,
the government center of the Empire. The
new boulevard was named Empress Walk, in honor of the wife of Maximilian,
Carlota. The
project layout and construction of this road was commissioned by Austrian-born
engineer Ferdinand von Rosenzweig. After
the Restoration of the Republic Maximilian's execution and fall of the monarchy,
the avenue would be renamed the currently leading.The
layout and design of this ride would be based on the French boulevards, giving
it large trees, medians and roundabouts. The
Paseo de la Emperatriz intended as a symbol of modernity of the Empire, and
while the imperial project was interrupted in the late nineteenth century, the
image of modernity reached its climax, after the construction of great palaces
and mansions of the families wealthiest and
most distinguished of the Porfiriato.After
the Mexican Revolution, much of the old French style building palaces were torn
down to make way for numerous buildings of traditional architecture of the 60's
and 80's as well as some skyscrapers built along the avenue. Some
of these buildings are the headquarters of important national and foreign
companies. The
Paseo de la Reforma carries some of the most symbolic monuments and important
buildings of the City Hotels.com guest.
Description
The
Paseo de la Reforma as currently known, diagonally crosses the west of Mexico
City. To
be more exact, his first stroke originated from Caballito roundabout (now
crossing the Paseo de la Reforma and Avenida Bucareli) to the Castle of
Chapultepec, which corresponds to the original design.Its
construction was ordered by Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico, during the Second
Mexican Empire. Maximilian
had found a great passion in building, feature evident in his interest in the
construction of Miramare Castle in Trieste, before his accession to the throne
of Mexico. The
Emperor's intention was to give Mexico City a new image, modern and in line with
the trends of the nineteenth century European aesthetic, which he so admired.
Carlos
Fuentes mentions in his novel entitled The Most Transparent Region that this
ride was designed drawing on the Avenue Louise in Brussels, not in Champs
Élysées, alluding to the birthplace of the Empress. [1]At the end of s. Century,
the Paseo de la Reforma, as it was now called, was the result of various works
and redesign efforts by Republican governments, particularly that of Sebastian
Lerdo de Tejada, and during the Porfiriato, making it one of the symbols of
stronger
progress of the country, it would be presumptuous to international delegation of
the lavish celebrations of the Centenary of Independence in
1910.During
the first half of the twentieth century, construction began on the section that
extend to the area known as Las Lomas de Chapultepec, which goes from
Chapultepec Park to its junction with Avenue Constituency, at the height of the
colony known Reform and Forests.
This
in order to connect to emerging and modern colonies west of the city with the
center of it.The
last section to be built for his extension to the east of the city, was
performed with the aim of connecting the boulevard from the Glorieta del
Caballito up the Avenue of the Mysteries, performing such work during the decade
of the 60's of the twentieth century, more
accurate during the mandate Uruchurtu Ernesto Peralta, who was then head of the
Federal District.Since
early 2001, under the mandate of the Head of Government of Mexico City, Andres
Manuel Lopez Obrador, the renovation begins with the change boulevard and street
furniture maintenance, reforestation and renewal of medians and roundabouts, as
well as cleaning building
facades before the first half of the s. XX. Started
on September 22, 2009 the construction of the Monument to the Stele of Light and
completed until December 31, 2011 and inaugurated until January 7,
2012.HistoryBackgroundBy
the late eighteenth century, the inhabitants of Mexico City used to take walks
in the Bosque de Chapultepec, considered the lungs of Mexico City. For
that reason, it used to take two possible routes: going from the source of Salto
del Agua (now crossing Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas and Izazaga) to the springs
of the forest at the foot of the hill and the castle, or the route ranged
from Tacuba Street, in the center of the city to the aqueduct Tlaxpana (back of
Fine Arts), from there to San Cosme Garita west bound in the same direction from
which came the late River Consulate. Into
the nineteenth century, when installed Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico at
Chapultepec Castle fortress, it became evident the lack of a way to communicate
directly with the City of Mexico, particularly the Imperial Palace, and would
reduce traveling
time from one place to another. For
the above reasons, it is considered among the development plans of the city
creating an avenue to communicate directly to the Imperial residence with the
center of the capital.
Your home: design and layoutTo
carry out such an undertaking, Maximilian I charge the design and construction
of the project "Empress Walk" by Austrian engineer Ferdinand von Rosenzweig.
Maximiliano
thereby sought to imitate the style and magnificence of the European capitals,
and the new venue would certainly be a symbol match or exceed seeking to modern
Parisian boulevards proudest of any European capital. The
redevelopment projects of the Emperor were not limited to the construction of
this road, but due to the early termination of his government (and subsequent
execution), the Paseo de la Emperatriz was of the few works that saw its glory,
along with the
refurbishment and redecoration Chapultepec Castle and the National Palace,
former Imperial Palace.The
original design envisaged the creation of a wide boulevard booted from the
Glorieta del Caballito (now crossing Paseo de la Reforma and Bucareli) to the
entrance to the Forest and Castillo de Chapultepec. Projected
dimensions for this avenue would be 19 meters wide, with groves and meadows
about 9 meters wide on each side of it. It
was also thought of placing cast iron benches placed at certain points of the
ridges and the creation of a gazebo located in the middle of the boulevard,
which would place a monument to Christopher Columbus. With
the fall of the Empire, the project was only in the line of the avenue and the
central ridge being redesigned numerous times, and finalized only after a
century of its original projection.
The walk DegolladoWith
the defeat of the Empire and the Restoration of the Republic, the works were
suspended, canceled projects and redevelopment of the city. Similarly,
the government of Benito Juárez García witnessed two important events in the
history of the avenue: the first was the change of name to "Paseo Degollado" in
1867, and the second was the abolition of the exclusive nature of the road
in
1872, originally as its use was restricted to those whose dress and image were
in keeping with the image of the avenue.Only
after the death of Juarez, during the presidential term of Sebastian Lerdo de
Tejada, was that really works resumed ride design and development, building a
long embankment and bridge La Teja, 8 meters wide (on a trench),
which allowed the transit smoothly all the way to the track. Furthermore,
the central road widened and given shape to the side walkers, new planted tree
rows were added quarry benches and pedestals designed to hold statues of Greek
mythology, and four others were drawn Bowers 110
m diameter each, located between the Equestrian Statue of Charles III and
designed by Bolland gazebo, which was 120 m in diameter. It
was at this time that, by a decree in 1872, is given the name that holds the
date, the "Paseo de la Reforma", serving as a clear manifestation that name
policy new national project, based on the Constitution of 1857
Reform Laws drafted liberal ideology during the presidencies of Ignacio
Comonfort and Benito Juarez.
The
is perhaps one of the most active stages of construction and beautification of
the Paseo de la Reforma, occurred during the long period of rule of General
Porfirio Diaz, period known as the Porfiriato. The
second stage of the Diaz was characterized, in part, by his desire for
modernization, and thus surrounded himself with a group called Scientists, who
intended to improve the country's image, mimicking and moving all things French
(maximum benchmark modernity of the time) to Mexico.
General
Diaz and Scientists are on the Paseo de la Reforma one of the best opportunities
to realize their ideal of modernity, and therefore the avenue chosen as the most
popular in the construction of monuments, corporate headquarters, banks, and
decide to give it Berlin
imported lanterns, French-style statues, and numerous decorative elements that
were observed throughout the ride.It
is in 1877 when it opened the roundabout near the monument of the Equestrian
Statue of S. M. King
Don Carlos IV, popularly known as El Caballito, with the Monument to Christopher
Columbus (who had been located in the central gazebo).Along
the avenue, quarry placed on pedestals were built seventy-seven bronze statues
dedicated to famous people of the Liberal Party, which had played an important
role in the creation or imposition of the Reform Laws. The
idea of these statues was given to General Diaz by Francisco Sosa, academic
and journalist for the Liberal Party, to replace the 1878 idea of placing
statues of Greek mythology bronze vases alternating with (designed by Gabriel
Guerra), the which are still preserved
today. The
agreement with President Diaz proposed that each of the eighteen states, which
at the time formed the Federation, proposed two characters who participated in
the liberal movement, the result was a true memorial of the victory of
republican liberalism in Mexico, of absolute
representation of men (none of the statues depicting a woman), which had been
devised as the Paseo de la Emperatriz.In
1878 he continued with the construction of the quarry benches.In
1877 began the construction of the second large roundabout that served as
shelter to the sculpture of the last Aztec emperor, Cuauhtémoc, same which
opened 10 years later, on August 21, 1897. In
the 40s, the urbanized area in proximity to the monument is called Colonia
Cuauhtemoc, referring to him.The
only design Empress Walk, had enormous consequences for the subsequent
distribution of the city. Around
the new avenue, began to form numerous commercial and residential areas, which
had its peak in the Porfiriato, with the expansion of the city to the west,
rising colonies sumptuous La Condesa, Hippodrome-Condesa and Colonia
Rome
and the Colony Architects (now San Rafael), Paseo Nuevo, Tobacco, Cuauhtemoc and
Juarez, all originally symbols of splendor and aristocratic character of the
Porfiriato. In
the land that gave to the Paseo were loud and sumptuous palaces and mansions, of
which very few remain today. In
one of the most exclusive areas of the Paseo, settled the prestigious University
Club, founded in 1905 in the old family mansion Gargollo Rivas-market by a small
group of successful industrial and lawyers who had the rare privilege of having
a college degree .To
commemorate the centenary of the Independence of Mexico in 1910, was placed in
the fourth roundabout, the Independence Monument, popularly known as The Angel,
built, among others, by famed Mexican architect Antonio Rivas Mercado.
The
first stone was laid on January 2, 1902 and was inaugurated by Porfirio Diaz in
an official ceremony on September 16, 1910 as part of the lavish celebrations of
the Centennial of Mexican Independence.
After
the Mexican Revolution, late 1920s work began Avenue extension to the area west
of the capital, where the springs were located subdivisions of Las Lomas de
Chapultepec, Chapultepec Heights originally called (name of company construction
started), and then to the junction with the road from Toluca.Between
1948 and 1949 he made a disastrous general remodeling Avenue by Central
Department (Government of the Federal District), headed by Fernando Casas
Aleman, who went so far as to plant cactus, prickly pear and jasmine in the
central median of the once Empress Walk
aristocratic.In 1957 the
Regent Ernesto P. Uruchurtu
began work on stretch of Paseo de la Reforma from El Caballito roundabout to its
junction with the Avenue of the Mysteries with a distance of 2.6 km, which was
completed in 1964. The
extension was for purely practical and is currently considered one of the most
unforgivable atrocities urbanization policy PRI. To
carry out the works were demolished countless old buildings, some dating from
the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and many are close to the area of the
Alameda Central (former colonial society walk) and the Guerrero
and Tlatelolco colonies, highlighting the sad demolition of the old and majestic
seat of the Secretariat of Foreign Affairs built by President Porfirio Diaz.
These
demolitions and works, were part of the "Proyectazo" which aims to convert
Mexico City in a mega city pavement and skyscrapers, ideal party regime of the
Revolution, stripping the city of its beauty immemorial.Within
this expansion created four new roundabouts: the Violet, where he placed the
monument to Simon Bolivar (1976), the Santa Maria la Redonda, where he placed
the monument to José de San Martín (1973), the Nonoalco ,
where the monument to Cuitláhuac and Peralvillo. Also
reformed Bucareli roundabout and the west side at the intersection of Avenida
Hidalgo created the Plaza de la Reforma, designed by the architect Julio de la
Peña, where he placed the statue of Francisco Zarco, and then another eight
statues of heroes Reformation
(Jesus Teran, Jose Maria Luis Mora, Juan N. Álvarez, Ángel Albino Corzo,
Guillermo Prieto, Gabino Barreda, Mariano Escobedo and Ustaquio
Buelna).The
song "Chava" Flowers, "came the Reformation," was written with reference to the
arrival of the most popular colonies avenue north compared to those located in
the western part of a more exclusive.
At
the beginning of XXI century, during the rule of former Head of Government of
Mexico City Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador (2000-2005), the avenue was remodeled,
sidewalks and planters changing both the lateral and central, the stretch of
Avenida Hidalgo Chapultepec and
changing the pavement of the central lanes of asphalt cement concrete on the
stretch of Insurgentes Avenue to Avenida Hidalgo and repaving the side rails.
During
these works, moved and restored the monument to Cuauhtémoc. Besides
cleaning facades of buildings that were built in the mid-twentieth century, to
cite one example is the Tower Anahuac, building constructed in the 1940s, its
facade was completely modernized.In
2003, we completed the construction of the huge Torre Mayor, at the time the
tallest building in Latin America, today is the first in Mexico and the third in
Latin America.
Today
these companies provide transportation service in the Paseo de la
Reforma:Corridor Villa Lomas
SA (COVILSA)20C Corridor Bicentennial
ReformTerminals
being:Known as km
13Known
as km 14 (Both terminals are on the Carretera Mexico - Toluca)Station AuditoriumHidalgo StationThe Villa / FerroplazaIndios Verdes StationGaribaldi
Station (Connection with Zero Emissions Corridor)PlinthChapultepec
StationThese
two companies provide the service today at a price of 5.50 pesos for the service
plus and 6 pesos for executive service.Likewise,
the public company RTP also serves the routes:76 and 76A Santa Fe - La
VillaCharging
a fee of 2 pesos for common service and 4 pesos to use the express service which
has stops far apartThe
roads leading to the State of Mexico can be considered feeder this corridor,
some already circulating alternative streets to meet the mandate to begin
circulating buses only with certain characteristics, some buses Route 2 prepares
to meet his branch of Satellite- Golden
Valley to cover the route as it has always done for Reform and
Peripheral.It
should mention that this was the first project of Transport Road Corridors in
the City of Mexico.
On
these roundabouts are the main monuments that make flourish the Paseo de la
Reforma ', from Glorieta del Caballito up of Diana the Huntress, are cited
below.Columbus Monument
GazeboIn this lies
the first monument placed in the walk. Dedicated to
the discoverer of the New World, Christopher Columbus. It
was designed by French sculptor Henri Cordier in Paris and donated to the City
of Mexico by Antonio Escandon. It
opened in 1883. Represents
the navigator pointing to the horizon, under their feet and the sides of the
pedestal are the statues of Fray Pedro de Ghent, Bartolome de las Casas, Fray
Juan Perez de Marchena and Fray Diego de Deza.
Glorieta Cuauhtemoc
Monument
Designed and
initiated by the engineer Francis M. Miguel
Jimenez and continued by Noren after the death of the first. Was
placed at the intersection with Avenida de los Insurgentes, is perhaps the most
nationalist monument walk, represents the last tlatoani Mexica Cuauhtemoc,
wielding a spear and gala attire. On
the sides of the pedestal decorated with pre-Hispanic motifs, are located
reliefs with scenes of torture Cuauhtemoc conducted by Gabriel Guerra and each
side of the monument the name of the last tlatoani.In
2005 the monument was moved from its original position some yards on Paseo de la
Reforma and was renovated as part of the redevelopment of the avenue and the
implementation of Metrobus on Insurgentes Avenue.
THE ANGEL OF INDEPENDENCE
Designed
under the design of architect Antonio Rivas Mercado, along with Gonzalo Garita
and Manuel Gorozpe during the regime of Porfirio Diaz who was commissioned and
opened in an official ceremony for the centennial of the Independence of Mexico.
The
sculptures were made by Henry Alciati. It
is the official symbol of the City of Mexico and perhaps the most beautiful of
all the monuments that adorn the Paseo de la Reforma. Winged
Victory (Angel) that supports the column, was restored after his fall by the
earthquake in the year 1957. Is
reference point and meeting place throughout the ride, so, for the crowds, is
protected by fences and security features to prevent damage and deterioration.
We found
the crossing of the Tiber River Florence avenues.
Source Glorieta Diana the
Huntress
It
was inaugurated in 1942 by President Manuel Avila Camacho, the design of the
source is Vicente Mendiola Quezada and sculpture of Juan Fernando Olaguíbel.
The
model who posed for the artist was Dona Helvia Verdeyes Martinez, now wife of
the former director of Pemex Jorge Diaz Serrano. The
name you gave the monument was that of "Flechadora of the North Star," but
popularly known as the "Diana the Huntress". Since
its inauguration was scandalous by their nakedness, so it came to be covered
with a bronze skirt, causing deterioration and to melt a new sculpture, sending
the original state of Hidalgo. In
1974 the monument was moved to one side of the junction with the Inside Track,
returning to the Paseo de la Reforma in the year 1992.
Monument to the Source of
Petroleum
This
fountain commemorates the Mexican Petroleum Oil Expropriation of 1938 and was
built in 1952 during the government of President Miguel Alemán Valdés and
locates in the Paseo de la Reforma. Like
the sculpture of Diana the Huntress, on the Paseo de la Reforma, the author of
the sculpture of this source was Juan Fernando Olaguíbel Rosenzweig.
The
distributor road to be built surrounding the source has a very original design
and unusual, at the time the Head of the Federal District, Ernesto P.
Uruchurtu,
noted that he had chosen in order to maintain the visibility of the source and
not distorting the wooded landscape of Chapultepec Park. On
the contrary of that shown in the photo, now the source is surrounded by
beautiful gardens and colorful floral sets. The set is 55 m. in diameter and 18 m. high,
and construction required eighteen tons of bronze. It was designed in 1950 and
opened in 1952.
Project
is the controversial winner of the open call by the Federal Government of Mexico
to create a memorial as part of the Bicentennial of Mexican Independence.
This work
would be a city landmark and architectural. It
was inaugurated on January 7, 2012 accompanied by a sound and light show,
emblematic of modern Mexico commemoration space on Paseo de la Reforma to cap
the original alignment of the avenue (1864). The
opening of the memorial is planned for September 15, 2010 in Mexico City.
However,
for different reasons the work was not completed until the end of December 2011.
The
monument was finally inaugurated on January 7, 2012 by the President of Mexico,
Felipe Calderon Hinojosa, after 15 months of delay, which also generated much
controversy. The
next day he raised public protests at the site, the Internet and mass media
because people think that its cost-which was much higher than originally
envisaged-not for the end result and most dislikes work itself.
Unrealized Works and
missing
There
was a project in the mid-twentieth century 80 aimed roundabout disappear "angel"
in the Paseo de la Reforma where the famous Independence Monument which was to
turn it into an overpass, would proceed digging
beneath "the angel" a tunnel, to supposedly free traffic. The
project was never completed and was until 2005 that they began to repair and
replace a number of the piles supporting the monument, as it had been removed
about four to excavate the tunnel.Like
the city in which it is located, which is constantly changing, the Paseo de la
Reforma has run with the luck to see the creation and destruction of monuments,
sites and places that shaped an era and left a mark on history City,
among which we can mention the following:Before
the Fountain of Diana the Huntress was placed in its current location, was
another source, which is known by the name of "the showers" (Source of Spring).
This was retired in
1992.Columbus
Coffee, located in the small block where now stands the Ambassador Hotel &
Suites. The
building stood the famous cafe was destroyed during the 1985
earthquake.
The
Paseo de la Reforma begins at the intersection of Avenue of the Mysteries or the
Mysteries Calzada and Calzada de Guadalupe, point known as the Square of
Peralvillo.The
first avenue that crosses North Axis 2 is known as North Channel or Eulalia
Guzman.One
of the interesting points on the Paseo de la Reforma is Tlatelolco which was
heavily damaged during the 1985 Mexico earthquake and who was present tenor
Placido Domingo to rescue family members and survivors tenor.On
the avenue is the Urban Group Nonoalco Tlatelolco as about 300 m from the Plaza
of Three Cultures, former College of San Buenaventura and San Juan
Capistrano.The Roundabout
Cuitláhuac.At
300 meters from the Paseo de la Reforma on Nonoalco is the building that housed
the former offices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Mexico).On
one side of Paseo de la Reforma is the oldest colonial city
(Tepito).Garibaldi
Metro Station.The
Glorieta de Simon Bolivar.For
an overpass, just below Garibaldi station and the Glorieta de Simon Bolivar is
located another important avenue is the Eje Central Lazaro
Cardenas.Offices
attached to the Attorney General of the Republic such as the SEIDO against drug
trafficking and the offices of the Ministry of Finance and Public
Credit.The
Square of General Jose de San Martin.Hidalgo Metro Station.At
this point makes junction with Station North Metrobus route
Hidalgo.The
Church of St. Hippolytus is which honors St. Jude, patron of lost
causes.A
couple of blocks from the Alameda Central, the Pinacoteca Viceregal Solidarity
Square.Prism
Tower Building El Moro front, with offices SAT.The Building
The Moro National Lottery headquarters in Mexico.The
Torre del Caballito where the offices of senators and the Monumento a la
Revolución Mexicana (5 blocks from Reforma is the Monument of the Revolution in
the basement houses the Museum of the Mexican Revolution).Building
Back The Moro is 200 m headquarters of the Institute of Security and Social
Services for State Workers.At
this point makes junction with Metrobus station Glorieta de Colón southern
route.It houses the
Chamber of Commerce of Mexico City.Contigo
Tower, formerly called Building Reform Anahuac front of Building
90.Reform
Building 90 which is opposite the monument to Christopher
Columbus.The monument
to Christopher Columbus.In
the Square of the Monument to Christopher Columbus found the Fiesta Americana
Hotels, Mission and Embassy Suites Columbus Reform.Offices attached to the
Interior Ministry.The
offices of the National Fund for the Promotion of Crafts
(FONART).In
the corner of the street of Paris, with offices corner FONART new offices will
be located in Mexico Senate and crossing the same street is the building that
was the Hotel Reforma, one of the most emblematic of its time.The
park and monument to Louis Pasteur Scientific recently remodeled and formerly
known as the National Railroad Square is opposite the monument to Cuauhtémoc and
exactly at the intersection of Insurgentes Avenue and Paseo de la
Reforma.The
monument to Cuauhtémoc which was recently restored, and shifted 50 m north to
facilitate the operation of Metrobus.At
this point intersects the Insurgentes AvenueOne block is
located Reform Metrobus station.The
Monument to the Mother and the Garden of Art, where artists who sell their work
and installed every Sunday.The
headquarters of the National Council for Culture and the Arts.Banking
and Commercial School, the first business school in the country.The
three buildings of 222 Reforma, Reforma 222 Tower 2 and Tower 1 Reforma
222.The
Attorney General's Office.Reform Building
243 (currently under construction).
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